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t,i,o,a;if(r)for(i=0,o=b(this),a=yt(e);t=a[i++];)o.hasClass(t)?o.removeClass(t):o.addClass(t);else void 0!==e&&\"boolean\"!==n||((t=vt(this))&&G.set(this,\"__className__\",t),this.setAttribute&&this.setAttribute(\"class\",t||!1===e?\"\":G.get(this,\"__className__\")||\"\"))}))},hasClass:function(e){var t,n,r=0;for(t=\" \"+e+\" \";n=this[r++];)if(1===n.nodeType&&(\" \"+gt(vt(n))+\" \").indexOf(t)>-1)return!0;return!1}});var mt=/\\r/g;b.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];return arguments.length?(r=h(e),this.each((function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(null==(i=r?e.call(this,n,b(this).val()):e)?i=\"\":\"number\"==typeof i?i+=\"\":Array.isArray(i)&&(i=b.map(i,(function(e){return null==e?\"\":e+\"\"}))),(t=b.valHooks[this.type]||b.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&\"set\"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,\"value\")||(this.value=i))}))):i?(t=b.valHooks[i.type]||b.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&\"get\"in t&&void 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o,a,s,u,l,f,p,d,y=[r||v],m=c.call(t,\"type\")?t.type:t,x=c.call(t,\"namespace\")?t.namespace.split(\".\"):[];if(a=d=s=r=r||v,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!xt.test(m+b.event.triggered)&&(m.indexOf(\".\")>-1&&(x=m.split(\".\"),m=x.shift(),x.sort()),l=m.indexOf(\":\")<0&&\"on\"+m,(t=t[b.expando]?t:new b.Event(m,\"object\"==typeof t&&t)).isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=x.join(\".\"),t.rnamespace=t.namespace?new RegExp(\"(^|\\\\.)\"+x.join(\"\\\\.(?:.*\\\\.|)\")+\"(\\\\.|$)\"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:b.makeArray(n,[t]),p=b.event.special[m]||{},i||!p.trigger||!1!==p.trigger.apply(r,n))){if(!i&&!p.noBubble&&!g(r)){for(u=p.delegateType||m,xt.test(u+m)||(a=a.parentNode);a;a=a.parentNode)y.push(a),s=a;s===(r.ownerDocument||v)&&y.push(s.defaultView||s.parentWindow||e)}for(o=0;(a=y[o++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)d=a,t.type=o>1?u:p.bindType||m,(f=(G.get(a,\"events\")||Object.create(null))[t.type]&&G.get(a,\"handle\"))&&f.apply(a,n),(f=l&&a[l])&&f.apply&&X(a)&&(t.result=f.apply(a,n),!1===t.result&&t.preventDefault());return t.type=m,i||t.isDefaultPrevented()||p._default&&!1!==p._default.apply(y.pop(),n)||!X(r)||l&&h(r[m])&&!g(r)&&((s=r[l])&&(r[l]=null),b.event.triggered=m,t.isPropagationStopped()&&d.addEventListener(m,bt),r[m](),t.isPropagationStopped()&&d.removeEventListener(m,bt),b.event.triggered=void 0,s&&(r[l]=s)),t.result}},simulate:function(e,t,n){var r=b.extend(new b.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0});b.event.trigger(r,null,t)}}),b.fn.extend({trigger:function(e,t){return this.each((function(){b.event.trigger(e,t,this)}))},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];if(n)return b.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0)}}),d.focusin||b.each({focus:\"focusin\",blur:\"focusout\"},(function(e,t){var n=function(e){b.event.simulate(t,e.target,b.event.fix(e))};b.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,i=G.access(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),G.access(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,i=G.access(r,t)-1;i?G.access(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),G.remove(r,t))}}}));var wt=e.location,Tt={guid:Date.now()},Ct=/\\?/;b.parseXML=function(t){var n;if(!t||\"string\"!=typeof t)return null;try{n=(new e.DOMParser).parseFromString(t,\"text/xml\")}catch(e){n=void 0}return n&&!n.getElementsByTagName(\"parsererror\").length||b.error(\"Invalid XML: \"+t),n};var 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"text/plain": [
"Row\n",
" [0] Toggle(button_type='danger', name='red LED', width=100)\n",
" [1] Spacer(width=15)\n",
" [2] Toggle(button_type='success', name='green LED', width=100)"
]
},
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {
"application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
"id": "1001"
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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"source": [
"pn.Row(red_LED_toggle, pn.Spacer(width=15), green_LED_toggle)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The LEDs on the Arduino can then be toggled using those two buttons.\n",
"\n",
"Since we will shift gears and start retrieving data from Arduino, we will close the connection and reopen it as we need it."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"arduino.close()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Retrieving data from Arduino\n",
"\n",
"So far, we have used our serial connection to toggle LEDs on and off, but ultimately, we would like to receive data from the device. To do this, we can send data requests and then read what comes back.\n",
"\n",
"Based on the above Arduino code, when we are in ON_REQUEST mode, Ardunio waits for a request for data to come through its serial connection to the computer. Upon receipt of a request, it sends data back. The time and voltage data come in as a [byte string](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes) (Python data type `bytes`) containing the time and voltage separated by a comma. The byte string ends with both a carriage return (`\\r`) and a newline (`\\n`). To convert the byte string to numbers, we need to strip the carriage return and newline and decode the byte string into the Python strings we are used to using the `decode()` method. Finally, we can split the resulting string at the comma to get the voltage and time point for each.\n",
"\n",
"Arduino values from analog inputs are 10 bit unsigned integers, with values ranging from 0 to 1023. So, when the voltage is written out, it will be an integer, which we need to convert to a voltage, knowing that the voltage on the Arduino Uno goes from zero to five volts. The time stamps are in milliseconds, transmitted as 32-bit unsigned integers. So, we should convert the voltage number we receive to Volts. The function below parses a byte string sent from Arduino."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"def parse_raw_line(raw_line):\n",
" \"\"\"Parse bytes output from Arduino.\"\"\"\n",
" raw_line = raw_line.decode()\n",
" if raw_line[-1] != \"\\n\":\n",
" raise ValueError(\n",
" \"Input must end with newline, otherwise message is incomplete.\"\n",
" )\n",
"\n",
" t, V = raw_line.rstrip().split(\",\")\n",
"\n",
" return int(t), int(V) * 5 / 1023"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"We can make a button that requests data from Arduino when pressed. We will link it to a function that sends a request and gets data, appending the results to lists. First, we'll set up the lists and the data acquisition function. It must take a single argument (which we will ignore) to have the correct call signature to be used when linked to a Panel button."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"time_ms = []\n",
"voltage = []\n",
"\n",
"def daq_request_single(event=None):\n",
" \"\"\"Ask Arduino for a single data point\"\"\"\n",
" # Ask Arduino for data\n",
" arduino.write(bytes([VOLTAGE_REQUEST]))\n",
"\n",
" # Wait for data to arrive\n",
" while arduino.in_waiting < 0:\n",
" pass\n",
"\n",
" # Read in the data\n",
" raw = arduino.read_until()\n",
"\n",
" # Parse and add data set\n",
" try:\n",
" t, V = parse_raw_line(raw)\n",
" time_ms.append(t)\n",
" voltage.append(V)\n",
" except:\n",
" pass"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Note that we attempt to parse the input in a `try` block in case the message is corrupted, incomplete, or otherwise unparsable. Now we can make the button and link it to the request function using the `on_click()` method."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"daq_button = pn.widgets.Button(name=\"GET DATA\", button_type=\"primary\")\n",
"\n",
"daq_button.on_click(daq_request_single)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now we display open up a connection to Arduino and display our button to get data back."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 24,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": "",
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"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"
\n",
"
\n",
""
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"text/plain": [
"Button(button_type='primary', name='GET DATA')"
]
},
"execution_count": 24,
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"application/vnd.holoviews_exec.v0+json": {
"id": "1007"
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"source": [
"arduino = open_arduino(port)\n",
"\n",
"daq_button"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"I clicked the button several times while adjusting the knob on the potentiometer. Let's see what we got!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"time (ms) voltage (V)\n",
"2227 3.3822091886608017\n",
"2876 2.7174975562072334\n",
"3491 1.598240469208211\n",
"4229 3.8905180840664713\n",
"4820 2.463343108504399\n",
"5573 1.2609970674486803\n",
"6206 2.1065493646138806\n",
"6887 3.455522971652004\n",
"7607 4.257086999022483\n",
"8318 3.4359726295210167\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(\"time (ms) voltage (V)\")\n",
"for t, V in zip(time_ms, voltage):\n",
" print(t, ' ', V)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Great! We have demonstrated that we can control an external device by sending signals and can retrieve data from the device as well.\n",
"\n",
"In the next lesson, we will use the same setup to build apps to continuously retrieve data from Arduino while still controlling it. This requires **asynchronous computing**, and therefore a bit more sophistication."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Computing environment"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 26,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"CPython 3.7.7\n",
"IPython 7.16.1\n",
"\n",
"serial 3.4\n",
"panel 0.9.7\n",
"jupyterlab 2.1.5\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%load_ext watermark\n",
"%watermark -v -p serial,panel,jupyterlab"
]
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
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