Exercise 5.1: Mastering .loc for Pandas data frames¶
Pandas can be a bit frustrating during your first experiences with it. In this and the next few exercises, we will do our first practice with it. Stick with it! The more and more you use it, the more distant the memory of life without it will become.
We will work with a data set from Kleinteich and Gorb, Sci. Rep., 4, 5355, 2014, and was featured in the New York Times. They measured several properties about the tongue strikes of horned frogs. Let’s take a look at the data set, which is in the file ~/git/data/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv.
[1]:
!head -20 data/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv
# These data are from the paper,
# Kleinteich and Gorb, Sci. Rep., 4, 5225, 2014.
# It was featured in the New York Times.
# http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/science/a-frog-thats-a-living-breathing-pac-man.html
#
# The authors included the data in their supplemental information.
#
# Importantly, the ID refers to the identifites of the frogs they tested.
# I: adult, 63 mm snout-vent-length (SVL) and 63.1 g body weight,
# Ceratophrys cranwelli crossed with Ceratophrys cornuta
# II: adult, 70 mm SVL and 72.7 g body weight,
# Ceratophrys cranwelli crossed with Ceratophrys cornuta
# III: juvenile, 28 mm SVL and 12.7 g body weight, Ceratophrys cranwelli
# IV: juvenile, 31 mm SVL and 12.7 g body weight, Ceratophrys cranwelli
date,ID,trial number,impact force (mN),impact time (ms),impact force / body weight,adhesive force (mN),time frog pulls on target (ms),adhesive force / body weight,adhesive impulse (N-s),total contact area (mm2),contact area without mucus (mm2),contact area with mucus / contact area without mucus,contact pressure (Pa),adhesive strength (Pa)
2013_02_26,I,3,1205,46,1.95,-785,884,1.27,-0.290,387,70,0.82,3117,-2030
2013_02_26,I,4,2527,44,4.08,-983,248,1.59,-0.181,101,94,0.07,24923,-9695
2013_03_01,I,1,1745,34,2.82,-850,211,1.37,-0.157,83,79,0.05,21020,-10239
2013_03_01,I,2,1556,41,2.51,-455,1025,0.74,-0.170,330,158,0.52,4718,-1381
2013_03_01,I,3,493,36,0.80,-974,499,1.57,-0.423,245,216,0.12,2012,-3975
The first lines all begin with # signs, signifying that they are comments and not data. They do give important information, though, such as the meaning of the ID data. The ID refers to which specific frog was tested.
Immediately after the comments, we have a row of comma-separated headers. This row sets the number of columns in this data set and labels the meaning of the columns. So, we see that the first column is the date of the experiment, the second column is the ID of the frog, the third is the trial number, and so on.
After this row, each row represents a single experiment where the frog struck the target. So, these data are already in tidy format.
a) Load in the data set into a data frame. Be sure to use the appropriate value for the comment keyword argument of pd.read_csv().
b) Extract the impact time of all impacts that had an adhesive strength of magnitude greater than 2000 Pa. Note: The data in the 'adhesive strength (Pa)' column is all negative. This is because the adhesive force is defined to be negative in the measurement. Without changing the data in the data frame, how can you check that the magnitude (the absolute value) is greater than 2000?
c) Extract the impact force and adhesive force for all of Frog II’s strikes.
d) Extract the adhesive force and the time the frog pulls on the target for juvenile frogs (Frogs III and IV). Hint: We saw the & operator for Boolean indexing across more than one column. The | operator signifies OR, and works analogously. For technical reasons that we can discuss if you like, the Python operators and and or will not work for Boolean indexing of data frames. You could also approach this using the isin() method of a Pandas Series.
Solution¶
[2]:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
To read in the data frame, we use the comment='#' kwarg.
[3]:
df = pd.read_csv('data/frog_tongue_adhesion.csv', comment='#')
# Take a look
df.head()
[3]:
| date | ID | trial number | impact force (mN) | impact time (ms) | impact force / body weight | adhesive force (mN) | time frog pulls on target (ms) | adhesive force / body weight | adhesive impulse (N-s) | total contact area (mm2) | contact area without mucus (mm2) | contact area with mucus / contact area without mucus | contact pressure (Pa) | adhesive strength (Pa) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2013_02_26 | I | 3 | 1205 | 46 | 1.95 | -785 | 884 | 1.27 | -0.290 | 387 | 70 | 0.82 | 3117 | -2030 |
| 1 | 2013_02_26 | I | 4 | 2527 | 44 | 4.08 | -983 | 248 | 1.59 | -0.181 | 101 | 94 | 0.07 | 24923 | -9695 |
| 2 | 2013_03_01 | I | 1 | 1745 | 34 | 2.82 | -850 | 211 | 1.37 | -0.157 | 83 | 79 | 0.05 | 21020 | -10239 |
| 3 | 2013_03_01 | I | 2 | 1556 | 41 | 2.51 | -455 | 1025 | 0.74 | -0.170 | 330 | 158 | 0.52 | 4718 | -1381 |
| 4 | 2013_03_01 | I | 3 | 493 | 36 | 0.80 | -974 | 499 | 1.57 | -0.423 | 245 | 216 | 0.12 | 2012 | -3975 |
b) To extract the entries with strong adhesive strength, we need to use the np.abs() function to esure that the absolute value of the adhesive strength is above 2000.
[4]:
df.loc[np.abs(df['adhesive strength (Pa)']) > 2000, 'impact time (ms)']
[4]:
0 46
1 44
2 34
4 36
7 46
8 50
11 48
13 31
14 38
17 60
19 40
23 59
24 33
25 43
27 31
29 42
31 57
33 21
35 29
37 31
38 15
39 42
42 105
44 29
45 16
47 31
49 32
50 30
51 16
52 27
53 30
54 35
55 39
57 34
59 34
60 26
61 20
62 55
65 33
66 74
67 26
68 27
69 33
71 6
73 31
74 34
75 38
78 33
Name: impact time (ms), dtype: int64
[5]:
# c) Impact force and adhesive force for Frog II
df.loc[df['ID']=='II', ['impact force (mN)', 'adhesive force (mN)']]
[5]:
| impact force (mN) | adhesive force (mN) | |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | 1612 | -655 |
| 21 | 605 | -292 |
| 22 | 327 | -246 |
| 23 | 946 | -245 |
| 24 | 541 | -553 |
| 25 | 1539 | -664 |
| 26 | 529 | -261 |
| 27 | 628 | -691 |
| 28 | 1453 | -92 |
| 29 | 297 | -566 |
| 30 | 703 | -223 |
| 31 | 269 | -512 |
| 32 | 751 | -227 |
| 33 | 245 | -573 |
| 34 | 1182 | -522 |
| 35 | 515 | -599 |
| 36 | 435 | -364 |
| 37 | 383 | -469 |
| 38 | 457 | -844 |
| 39 | 730 | -648 |
[6]:
# d) Adhesive force and time frog pulls for frogs III and IV
df.loc[
df["ID"].isin(["III", "IV"]),
["adhesive force (mN)", "time frog pulls on target (ms)"],
]
[6]:
| adhesive force (mN) | time frog pulls on target (ms) | |
|---|---|---|
| 40 | -94 | 683 |
| 41 | -163 | 245 |
| 42 | -172 | 619 |
| 43 | -225 | 1823 |
| 44 | -301 | 918 |
| 45 | -93 | 1351 |
| 46 | -131 | 1790 |
| 47 | -289 | 1006 |
| 48 | -104 | 883 |
| 49 | -229 | 1218 |
| 50 | -259 | 910 |
| 51 | -231 | 550 |
| 52 | -267 | 2081 |
| 53 | -178 | 376 |
| 54 | -123 | 289 |
| 55 | -151 | 607 |
| 56 | -127 | 2932 |
| 57 | -372 | 680 |
| 58 | -236 | 685 |
| 59 | -390 | 1308 |
| 60 | -456 | 462 |
| 61 | -193 | 250 |
| 62 | -236 | 743 |
| 63 | -225 | 844 |
| 64 | -217 | 728 |
| 65 | -161 | 472 |
| 66 | -139 | 959 |
| 67 | -264 | 844 |
| 68 | -342 | 1515 |
| 69 | -231 | 279 |
| 70 | -209 | 1427 |
| 71 | -292 | 2874 |
| 72 | -339 | 4251 |
| 73 | -371 | 626 |
| 74 | -331 | 1254 |
| 75 | -302 | 986 |
| 76 | -216 | 1627 |
| 77 | -163 | 2021 |
| 78 | -367 | 1366 |
| 79 | -218 | 1269 |
Computing environment¶
[7]:
%load_ext watermark
%watermark -v -p numpy,pandas,jupyterlab
Python implementation: CPython
Python version : 3.8.10
IPython version : 7.22.0
numpy : 1.20.2
pandas : 1.2.4
jupyterlab: 3.0.14